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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Absolute Helligkeit</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>absolute Helligkeit</b> ist eine Hilfsgröße in der <a href="Astronomie" title="Astronomie">Astronomie</a> und <a href="Astrophysik" title="Astrophysik">Astrophysik</a>, um die tatsächliche <a href="Helligkeit#Physikalische_und_Physiologische_Definition" title="Helligkeit">Helligkeit</a> (somit bei selbstleuchtenden Objekten die <a href="Leuchtkraft" title="Leuchtkraft">Leuchtkraft</a>) von <a href="Himmelsobjekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Himmelsobjekt">Himmelsobjekten</a> im sichtbaren Licht vergleichen zu können.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Die absolute Helligkeit unterscheidet sich von der <a href="Scheinbare_Helligkeit" title="Scheinbare Helligkeit">scheinbaren Helligkeit</a>, die man für ein Objekt von der Erde aus tatsächlich <a href="Messgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Messgröße">misst</a>; letztere hängt zum einen von dessen Leuchtkraft (bei selbstleuchtenden Objekten wie <a href="Stern" title="Stern">Sternen</a>) bzw. dessen <a href="Reflexionsverm%C3%B6gen" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflexionsvermögen">Reflexionsvermögen</a> (bei nicht selbstleuchtenden Objekten) und zum anderen von dessen Entfernung ab und wird bei Objekten außerhalb des Sonnensystems zusätzlich durch <a href="Interstellare_Materie" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellare Materie">interstellare Materie</a> beeinflusst.
</p><p>Die absolute Helligkeit ist diejenige Helligkeit, die ein Beobachter aus einer <i>einheitlichen</i> Entfernung messen würde; diese ist wie folgt festgelegt:
</p>
<ul><li>für <b>selbstleuchtende Objekte</b>: 10 <a href="Parsec" title="Parsec">Parsec</a> (32,6 <a href="Lichtjahr" title="Lichtjahr">Lichtjahre</a>). Bei Sternen, die weniger als 10 Parsec entfernt sind, ist die scheinbare Helligkeit daher größer (d. h. ihr Zahlenwert kleiner) als die absolute Helligkeit und umgekehrt.</li>
<li>für <b>reflektierende Objekte</b> des <a href="Sonnensystem" title="Sonnensystem">Sonnensystems</a> (<a href="Planet" title="Planet">Planeten</a>, <a href="Komet" title="Komet">Kometen</a> und <a href="Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroiden</a>): eine <a href="Astronomische_Einheit" title="Astronomische Einheit">Astronomische Einheit</a> (AE). Dabei wird angenommen, dass sich das Objekt 1 AE von der Sonne und zugleich 1 AE vom Beobachter entfernt befindet und in voller <a href="Opposition_(Astronomie)" title="Opposition (Astronomie)">Opposition</a> steht (also vom Ort der Sonne aus beobachtet wird).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einheit_und_Größenordnung"><span id="Einheit_und_Gr.C3.B6.C3.9Fenordnung"></span>Einheit und Größenordnung</h2></div>
<p>Absolute Helligkeiten werden wie scheinbare Helligkeiten in <a href="Scheinbare_Helligkeit" title="Scheinbare Helligkeit">Magnituden</a> (<b>mag</b>) angegeben. Dabei bedeutet ein <i>kleinerer</i> Zahlenwert jeweils <i>größere</i> Leuchtkraft.
</p><p>Die hellsten <a href="Fixstern" title="Fixstern">Fixsterne</a> erreichen absolute Helligkeiten von etwa −9 mag (300.000-fache <a href="Astronomische_Ma%C3%9Feinheiten#Leistung" title="Astronomische Maßeinheiten">Leuchtkraft der Sonne</a>), die lichtschwächsten dagegen +17 mag (weniger als ein Zehntausendstel der <a href="Sonnenleuchtkraft" title="Sonnenleuchtkraft">Sonnenleuchtkraft</a>).
</p><p>Insbesondere in älteren Werken zur Astronomie findet man häufig die Schreibweise mit einem hochgestellten M über dem Dezimalkomma, beispielsweise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3{\stackrel {\text{M}}{,}}0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mo>,</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>M</mtext>
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<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3{\stackrel {\text{M}}{,}}0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0904f905cc9fb291df1b5bc166257bdc372de75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.832ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3{\stackrel {\text{M}}{,}}0}" loading="lazy"></span> bei einem Stern der dritten (absoluten) Größenklasse. Die Verwendung des Großbuchstabens verdeutlicht dabei, dass es sich um eine absolute Helligkeit handelt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bolometrische_Helligkeit">Bolometrische Helligkeit</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Bolometrische_Helligkeit" title="Bolometrische Helligkeit">Bolometrische Helligkeit</a></i></div>
<p>Die Bolometrische Helligkeit gibt die Helligkeit eines Sterns nicht nur im sichtbaren Licht, sondern im gesamten <a href="Elektromagnetisches_Spektrum" title="Elektromagnetisches Spektrum">elektromagnetischen Spektrum</a> an. Die hierfür erforderliche Korrektur hängt vom <a href="Empfindlichkeit_(Technik)" title="Empfindlichkeit (Technik)">Empfindlichkeits</a>bereich des <a href="Messger%C3%A4t" title="Messgerät">Messgerätes</a> sowie vom <a href="Spektraltyp" class="mw-redirect" title="Spektraltyp">Spektraltyp</a> des betreffenden Objektes ab.
</p><p>Die fotografische Helligkeit der Sonne (im sichtbaren Licht) beträgt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 5{\stackrel {\text{M}}{\text{,}}}16}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>5</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mtext>,</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>M</mtext>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 5{\stackrel {\text{M}}{\text{,}}}16}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86c7e114a488d04084920766a9b7863370cbab01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.994ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 5{\stackrel {\text{M}}{\text{,}}}16}" loading="lazy"></span>, die bolometrische Helligkeit dagegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4{\stackrel {\text{M}}{\text{,}}}74}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mtext>,</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>M</mtext>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>74</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4{\stackrel {\text{M}}{\text{,}}}74}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e4aa18215bd6f8b1df8ff65e4923e4d24d6d90c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.994ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4{\stackrel {\text{M}}{\text{,}}}74}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entfernungsmodul">Entfernungsmodul</h2></div>
<p>Die Differenz zwischen scheinbarer Helligkeit <i>m</i> und absoluter Helligkeit <i>M</i> wird <i>Entfernungsmodul</i> genannt,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> denn sie steht in festem Zusammenhang zur Entfernung <i>r</i>. Aus der Festlegung der <a href="Scheinbare_Helligkeit" title="Scheinbare Helligkeit">Helligkeitsstufen</a> folgt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {r}{10\,\mathrm {pc} }}&=10^{\frac {m-M}{5\,\mathrm {mag} }}\\\Leftrightarrow m-M&=5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot \log _{10}\left({\frac {r}{10\,\mathrm {pc} }}\right)\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>r</mi>
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<mn>10</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
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</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
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<mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
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</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {r}{10\,\mathrm {pc} }}&=10^{\frac {m-M}{5\,\mathrm {mag} }}\\\Leftrightarrow m-M&=5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot \log _{10}\left({\frac {r}{10\,\mathrm {pc} }}\right)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bbebc28cffde08a4e14a38f6d027de17294854ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.505ex; width:35.773ex; height:12.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {r}{10\,\mathrm {pc} }}&=10^{\frac {m-M}{5\,\mathrm {mag} }}\\\Leftrightarrow m-M&=5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot \log _{10}\left({\frac {r}{10\,\mathrm {pc} }}\right)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Gibt man die <a href="Leuchtkraftentfernung" title="Leuchtkraftentfernung">Entfernungsmaßzahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r^{*}=r/\mathrm {pc} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r^{*}=r/\mathrm {pc} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a48bde6195f903752802f08f1b015fe5cef9a10e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.737ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r^{*}=r/\mathrm {pc} }" loading="lazy"></span> als <a href="Dimensionslos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensionslos">dimensionslose</a> Zahl an, so lässt sich der Entfernungsmodul schreiben als:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m-M&=5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot (\lg r^{*}-\lg 10)\\&=-5\,\mathrm {mag} +5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot \lg r^{*}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>lg</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>lg</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>lg</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m-M&=5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot (\lg r^{*}-\lg 10)\\&=-5\,\mathrm {mag} +5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot \lg r^{*}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b4564a833c490c45385f1539002640af50ec0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:33.421ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m-M&=5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot (\lg r^{*}-\lg 10)\\&=-5\,\mathrm {mag} +5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot \lg r^{*}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aus der Definition der <a href="Parsec" title="Parsec">Parallaxensekunde</a> folgt als Beziehung zwischen Entfernungsmaßzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc488e611bcc916d2da5dec54181e4909297e088.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <a href="Parallaxe#Jährliche_Parallaxe,_Sternparallaxe" title="Parallaxe">jährlicher Parallaxe</a> π (als dimensionslose Zahl in <a href="Bogensekunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogensekunde">Bogensekunden</a>):
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r^{*}={\frac {1}{\pi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r^{*}={\frac {1}{\pi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf4293be3f5c6469e2fbae334afb0a88d4543955.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.369ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r^{*}={\frac {1}{\pi }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Damit ergibt sich dann:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m-M&=-5\,\mathrm {mag} -5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot \lg \pi \\&=-5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot (1+\lg \pi )\\\Leftrightarrow \pi &=10^{{\frac {m-M}{-5\,\mathrm {mag} }}-1}\\\Leftrightarrow r^{*}&=10^{1-{\frac {m-M}{-5\,\mathrm {mag} }}}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>lg</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>lg</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m-M&=-5\,\mathrm {mag} -5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot \lg \pi \\&=-5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot (1+\lg \pi )\\\Leftrightarrow \pi &=10^{{\frac {m-M}{-5\,\mathrm {mag} }}-1}\\\Leftrightarrow r^{*}&=10^{1-{\frac {m-M}{-5\,\mathrm {mag} }}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f51263faeb08bce38d0117d6f3b240e802c82bb8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.838ex; width:32.65ex; height:14.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m-M&=-5\,\mathrm {mag} -5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot \lg \pi \\&=-5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot (1+\lg \pi )\\\Leftrightarrow \pi &=10^{{\frac {m-M}{-5\,\mathrm {mag} }}-1}\\\Leftrightarrow r^{*}&=10^{1-{\frac {m-M}{-5\,\mathrm {mag} }}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit Hilfe dieser für die Astronomie wichtigen Formel kann für Sterne, deren Leuchtkraft bekannt ist (z. B. <a href="Cepheiden" title="Cepheiden">Cepheiden</a> oder <a href="Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernovae</a> vom Typ Ia), der Abstand berechnet werden, die <a href="Leuchtkraftentfernung" title="Leuchtkraftentfernung">Leuchtkraftentfernung</a>. Auf diese Weise konnte <a href="1923" title="1923">1923</a> die Entfernung des <a href="Andromedanebel" class="mw-redirect" title="Andromedanebel">Andromedanebels</a> ermittelt werden.
</p><p>Zum Teil beruht der Unterschied zwischen scheinbarer und absoluter Helligkeit zusätzlich auf der <a href="Interstellare_Extinktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellare Extinktion">interstellaren Extinktion</a>, d. h. der teilweisen <a href="Absorption_(Physik)" title="Absorption (Physik)">Absorption</a> der Strahlung durch <a href="Interstellarer_Staub" title="Interstellarer Staub">interstellaren Staub</a>. Dies ist durch einen zusätzlichen Term, den Extinktionsparameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>, in der Gleichung für den Helligkeitsunterschied zu berücksichtigen:
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m-M=5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot (\lg \,r^{*}-1)+A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>lg</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m-M=5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot (\lg \,r^{*}-1)+A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/351dd9f3edf5cbf364b83fa7fefc223cec164d56.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.993ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m-M=5\,\mathrm {mag} \cdot (\lg \,r^{*}-1)+A}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;">
<tbody><tr>
<th rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBFF"><i>m</i> – <i>M</i>
</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#BBBBFF">Entfernung
</th>
<th rowspan="2" style="background:#DDDDFF"><i>m</i> – <i>M</i>
</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#DDDDFF">Entfernung
</th>
<th rowspan="2" style="background:#FFDDFF"><i>m</i> – <i>M</i>
</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDDFF">Entfernung
</th>
<th rowspan="2" style="background:#DDFFFF"><i>m</i> – <i>M</i>
</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#DDFFFF">Entfernung
</th>
<th rowspan="2" style="background:#FFFFFF"><i>m</i> – <i>M</i>
</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFFFFF">Entfernung
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th style="background:#BBBBFF">pc
</th>
<th style="background:#BBBBFF">Lj.
</th>
<th style="background:#DDDDFF">pc
</th>
<th style="background:#DDDDFF">Lj.
</th>
<th style="background:#FFDDFF">pc
</th>
<th style="background:#FFDDFF">Lj.
</th>
<th style="background:#DDFFFF">pc
</th>
<th style="background:#DDFFFF">Lj.
</th>
<th style="background:#FFFFFF">pc
</th>
<th style="background:#FFFFFF">Lj.
</th></tr>
<tr style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">
<td>−5<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>1<span style="visibility:hidden;">,000</span></td>
<td>3,262
</td>
<td>0<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>10<span style="visibility:hidden;">,00</span></td>
<td>32,62
</td>
<td>5<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>100<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>326,2
</td>
<td>10<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>1000</td>
<td>3262
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">15
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">10.000
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">32.620
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>−4,5</td>
<td>1,259</td>
<td>4,106
</td>
<td>0,5</td>
<td>12,59</td>
<td>41,06
</td>
<td>5,5</td>
<td>125,9</td>
<td>410,6
</td>
<td>10,5</td>
<td>1259</td>
<td>4106
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">20
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">100.000
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">326.200
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>−4<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>1,585</td>
<td>5,169
</td>
<td>1<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>15,85</td>
<td>51,69
</td>
<td>6<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>158,5</td>
<td>516,9
</td>
<td>11<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>1585</td>
<td>5169
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">25
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">1 Mio.
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">3,262 Mio.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>−3,5</td>
<td>1,995</td>
<td>6,508
</td>
<td>1,5</td>
<td>19,95</td>
<td>65,08
</td>
<td>6,5</td>
<td>199,5</td>
<td>650,8
</td>
<td>11,5</td>
<td>1995</td>
<td>6508
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">30
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">10 Mio.
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">32,62 Mio.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>−3<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>2,552</td>
<td>8,193
</td>
<td>2<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>25,52</td>
<td>81,93
</td>
<td>7<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>255,2</td>
<td>819,3
</td>
<td>12<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>2552</td>
<td>8193
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">35
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">100 Mio.
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">326,2 Mio.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>−2,5</td>
<td>3,162</td>
<td>10,314
</td>
<td>2,5</td>
<td>31,62</td>
<td>103,14
</td>
<td>7,5</td>
<td>316,2</td>
<td>1031,4
</td>
<td>12,5</td>
<td>3162</td>
<td>10314
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">40
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">1 Mrd.
</td>
<td style="background:#dddddd; font-weight:700">3,262 Mrd.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>−2<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>3,981</td>
<td>12,985
</td>
<td>3<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>39,81</td>
<td>129,85
</td>
<td>8<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>398,1</td>
<td>1298,5
</td>
<td>13<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>3981</td>
<td>12985
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>−1,5</td>
<td>5,012</td>
<td>16,347
</td>
<td>3,5</td>
<td>50,12</td>
<td>163,47
</td>
<td>8,5</td>
<td>501,2</td>
<td>1634,7
</td>
<td>13,5</td>
<td>5012</td>
<td>16347
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>−1<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>6,310</td>
<td>20,579
</td>
<td>4<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>63,10</td>
<td>205,79
</td>
<td>9<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>631,0</td>
<td>2057,9
</td>
<td>14<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>6310</td>
<td>20579
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>−0,5</td>
<td>7,943</td>
<td>25,908
</td>
<td>4,5</td>
<td>79,43</td>
<td>259,08
</td>
<td>9,5</td>
<td>794,3</td>
<td>2590,8
</td>
<td>14,5</td>
<td>7943</td>
<td>25908
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div style="position: relative;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:300px">
<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:69px; top: 292px;"><a href="Hertzsprung-Russell-Diagramm" title="Hertzsprung-Russell-Diagramm"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 100%">Hertzsprung-Russell-Diagramm</span></a></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:134px; top: 331.5px;"><a href="Spektralklasse" title="Spektralklasse"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 100%">Spektralklasse</span></a></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:249.5px; top: 261.5px;"><a href="Brauner_Zwerg" title="Brauner Zwerg"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Braune<br>Zwerge</span></a></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:95.5px; top: 233.5px;"><a href="Wei%C3%9Fer_Zwerg" title="Weißer Zwerg"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Weiße Zwerge</span></a></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:242.5px; top: 212.5px;"><a href="Roter_Zwerg" title="Roter Zwerg"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Rote<br>Zwerge</span></a></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:118.25px; top: 198.5px;"><a href="Unterzwerg" title="Unterzwerg"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Unterzwerge</span></a></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:218px; top: 179.25px;"><a href="Zwergstern" title="Zwergstern"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Zwerge</span></a></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:78px; top: 163.5px;"><a href="Hauptreihe" title="Hauptreihe"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Hauptreihe</span></a></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:218px; top: 146px;"><a href="Unterriese" title="Unterriese"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Unterriesen</span></a></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:123.5px; top: 121.5px;"><a href="Riesenstern" title="Riesenstern"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Riesen</span></a></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:141px; top: 100.5px;"><a href="Heller_Riese" title="Heller Riese"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Helle Riesen</span></a></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:134px; top: 76px;"><a href="Roter_%C3%9Cberriese" title="Roter Überriese"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Überriesen</span></a></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:127px; top: 23.5px;"><a href="Hyperriese" title="Hyperriese"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Hyperriesen</span></a></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:1px; top: 160px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 100%">Absolute<br>Hellig-<br>keit<br>(mag)</span></a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selbstleuchtende_Objekte_(Sterne)"><span id="Selbstleuchtende_Objekte_.28Sterne.29"></span>Selbstleuchtende Objekte (Sterne)</h3></div>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center">
<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe6">
<th>Stern
</th>
<th>Scheinbare<br>Helligkeit<br> (<i>m</i>)
</th>
<th>Absolute<br>Helligkeit<br> (<i>M</i>)
</th>
<th>Entfernungs-<br>modul<br> (<i>m</i> – <i>M</i>)
</th>
<th>Entfernung
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Sonne" title="Sonne">Sonne</a>
</td>
<td>−26,832 mag
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>+4,84 mag
</td>
<td>−31,57
</td>
<td>1 <a href="Astronomische_Einheit" title="Astronomische Einheit">AE</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>−1,46 mag
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>+1,43 mag
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>−2,89
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">00</span>2,64 pc
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Wega" title="Wega">Wega</a>
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>+0,03 mag
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>+0,58 mag
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>−0,55
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">00</span>7,75 pc
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Pollux_(Stern)" title="Pollux (Stern)">Pollux</a>
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>+1,15 mag
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>+1,08 mag
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>+0,07
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>10,34 pc
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Spica" title="Spica">Spica</a>
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>+1,04 mag
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>−3,51 mag
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>+4,55
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>81,3<span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span> pc
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Rigel" title="Rigel">Rigel</a>
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>+0,12 mag
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>−6,78 mag
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>+6,90
</td>
<td>240<span style="visibility:hidden;">,00</span> pc
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Deneb" title="Deneb">Deneb</a>
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>+1,25 mag
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>−7,24 mag
</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>+8,49
</td>
<td>499<span style="visibility:hidden;">,00</span> pc
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflektierende_Objekte_des_Sonnensystems">Reflektierende Objekte des Sonnensystems</h3></div>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center">
<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe6">
<th>Objekt
</th>
<th>(Maximale) Scheinbare<br>Helligkeit<br> (<i>m</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th>Absolute<br>Helligkeit<br> (<i>H</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th>Entfernung zur Sonne
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet)">Venus</a>
</td>
<td>−<span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>4,9 mag
</td>
<td>−<span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>4,4 mag
</td>
<td>0,7 <a href="Astronomische_Einheit" title="Astronomische Einheit">AE</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Jupiter_(Planet)" title="Jupiter (Planet)">Jupiter</a>
</td>
<td>−<span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>2,9 mag
</td>
<td>−<span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>9,4 mag
</td>
<td>4,9 – 5,5 AE
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="(433)_Eros" title="(433) Eros">Eros</a>
</td>
<td>+<span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>7<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span> mag
</td>
<td>+11,2 mag
</td>
<td>1,1 – 1,8 AE
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="(99942)_Apophis" title="(99942) Apophis">Apophis</a>
</td>
<td>< +15<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span> mag<br><small>(Jahr 2029 bis zu +3 mag)</small>
</td>
<td>+19,7 mag
</td>
<td>0,75 – 1,1 AE
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="(1)_Ceres" title="(1) Ceres">Ceres</a>
</td>
<td>+<span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>6,6 mag
</td>
<td>+<span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>3,3 mag
</td>
<td>2,6 – 3,0 AE
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>
</td>
<td>+13,7 mag
</td>
<td>−<span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>0,8 mag
</td>
<td>30 – 49 AE
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="(90377)_Sedna" title="(90377) Sedna">Sedna</a>
</td>
<td>+21<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span> mag
</td>
<td>+<span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>1,5 mag
</td>
<td>76 – ≈900 AE
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="2018_VG18" title="2018 VG18">2018 VG<sub>18</sub></a>
</td>
<td>+24,6 mag
</td>
<td>+<span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>3,3 mag
</td>
<td>aktuell 120 – 130 AE
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Joachim Krautter et al.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Meyers Handbuch Weltall</cite>. 7. Auflage. Meyers Lexikonverlag, Mannheim / Leipzig / Wien / Zürich 1994, ISBN 3-411-07757-3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>237, 247<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>ff</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Absolute+Helligkeit&rft.au=Joachim+Krautter+et+al.&rft.btitle=Meyers+Handbuch+Weltall&rft.date=1994&rft.edition=7&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3411077573&rft.pages=237%2C+247+ff&rft.place=Mannheim+%2F+Leipzig+%2F+Wien+%2F+Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pub=Meyers+Lexikonverlag" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="Arnold_Hanslmeier" title="Arnold Hanslmeier">Arnold Hanslmeier</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Einführung in Astronomie und Astrophysik</cite>. 2. Auflage. Spektrum akademischer Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8274-1846-3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>254<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>ff</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Absolute+Helligkeit&rft.au=Arnold+Hanslmeier&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+Astronomie+und+Astrophysik&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=2&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783827418463&rft.pages=254+ff&rft.pub=Spektrum+akademischer+Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">Entfernungsmodul</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lexikon der Physik</cite>. Spektrum, 1998 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/physik/entfernungsmodul/4371">spektrum.de</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Absolute+Helligkeit&rft.atitle=Entfernungsmodul&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+Physik&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Spektrum" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Mallama, James L. Hilton: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Astronomy and Computing</cite>. 25. Jahrgang, Oktober 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10–24</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002">10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A&C....25...10M">2018A&C....25...10M</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Absolute+Helligkeit&rft.atitle=Computing+apparent+planetary+magnitudes+for+The+Astronomical+Almanac&rft.au=Anthony%26%2332%3BMallama%2C%26%2332%3BJames+L.%26%2332%3BHilton&rft.btitle=Astronomy+and+Computing&rft.date=2018-10&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.ascom.2018.08.002&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=10-24&rft.volume=25.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
</ol><div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten">
<div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;">
<div>
Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4454575-7">4454575-7</a></span> </div>
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